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The downmixing equations are based on AC-3 standards. They have been designed to end up the same regardless of whether signals are downmixed directly (for example, 7.1 to stereo) or in several successive steps (for example, 7.1 to 5.1 to stereo).
Consider the following table, describing the downmix equations used when routing a 5.1 input to a stereo output.
Sample table: Routing 5.1 to stereo
| Input Channels | L | R | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exact | Decimal | dB | Exact | Decimal | dB | |
| FL | 1 | 1.000 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| FR | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1 | 1.000 | 0.00 |
| C | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 |
| SL | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| SR | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 |
The left and right channels of the resulting stereo signal are the weighted sum of the inputs into these equations:
LOUT = FL + 1/√2 * C + 1/√2 * SL
ROUT = FR + 1/√2 * C + 1/√2 * SR
Like the above formula, you can calculate the output signal for each downmixed format by adding up the totals of each output channel column in the following reference downmix tables:
To Mono
| Input Channels | C | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Exact | Decimal | dB | |
| FL | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 |
| FR | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 |
| C | 1 | 1.000 | 0.00 |
| SL | 1/2 | 0.500 | −6.02 |
| SR | 1/2 | 0.500 | −6.02 |
| BL | 1/2 | 0.500 | −6.02 |
| BR | 1/2 | 0.500 | −6.02 |
| Top | 1 | 1.000 | 0.00 |
| HFL | 1/2 | 0.500 | −6.02 |
| HFC | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 |
| HFR | 1/2 | 0.500 | −6.02 |
| HBL | 1/(2√2) | 0.354 | −9.03 |
| HBR | 1/(2√2) | 0.354 | −9.03 |
To Stereo
| Input Channels | L | R | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exact | Decimal | dB | Exact | Decimal | dB | |
| FL | 1 | 1.000 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| FR | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1 | 1.000 | 0.00 |
| C | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 |
| SL | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| SR | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 |
| BL | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| BR | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 |
| Top | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 |
| HFL | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| HFC | 1/2 | 0.500 | −6.02 | 1/2 | 0.500 | −6.02 |
| HFR | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 |
| HBL | 1/2 | 0.500 | −6.02 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| HBR | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1/2 | 0.500 | −6.02 |
To 3.x
| Input Channels | L | R | C | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exact | Decimal | dB | Exact | Decimal | dB | Exact | Decimal | dB | |
| FL | 1 | 1.000 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| FR | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1 | 1.000 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| C | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1 | 1.000 | 0.00 |
| SL | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| SR | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| BL | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| BR | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| Top | 1/√3 | 0.577 | −4.77 | 1/√3 | 0.577 | −4.77 | 1/√3 | 0.577 | −4.77 |
| HFL | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| HFC | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 |
| HFR | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| HBL | 1/2 | 0.500 | −6.02 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| HBR | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1/2 | 0.500 | −6.02 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
To 4.x
| Input Channels | L | R | SL | SR | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exact | Decimal | dB | Exact | Decimal | dB | Exact | Decimal | dB | Exact | Decimal | dB | |
| FL | 1 | 1.000 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| FR | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1 | 1.000 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| C | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| SL | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1 | 1.000 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| SR | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1 | 1.000 | 0.00 |
| BL | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1 | 1.000 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| BR | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1 | 1.000 | 0.00 |
| Top | 1/√4 | 0.500 | −6.02 | 1/√4 | 0.500 | −6.02 | 1/√4 | 0.500 | −6.02 | 1/√4 | 0.500 | −6.02 |
| HFL | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| HFC | 1/2 | 0.500 | −6.02 | 1/2 | 0.500 | −6.02 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| HFR | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| HBL | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| HBR | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 |
To 5.x
| Input Channels | L | R | C | SL | SR | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exact | Decimal | dB | Exact | Decimal | dB | Exact | Decimal | dB | Exact | Decimal | dB | Exact | Decimal | dB | |
| FL | 1 | 1.000 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| FR | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1 | 1.000 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| C | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1 | 1.000 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| SL | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1 | 1.000 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| SR | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1 | 1.000 | 0.00 |
| BL | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1 | 1.000 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| BR | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1 | 1.000 | 0.00 |
| Top | 1/√5 | 0.447 | −6.99 | 1/√5 | 0.447 | −6.99 | 1/√5 | 0.447 | −6.99 | 1/√5 | 0.447 | −6.99 | 1/√5 | 0.447 | −6.99 |
| HFL | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| HFC | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| HFR | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| HBL | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| HBR | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 |
To 6.x
| Input Channels | L | R | SL | SR | BL | BR | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exact | Decimal | dB | Exact | Decimal | dB | Exact | Decimal | dB | Exact | Decimal | dB | Exact | Decimal | dB | Exact | Decimal | dB | |
| FL | 1 | 1.000 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| FR | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1 | 1.000 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| C | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| SL | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1 | 1.000 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| SR | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1 | 1.000 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| BL | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1 | 1.000 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| BR | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1 | 1.000 | 0.00 |
| Top | 1/√6 | 0.408 | −7.78 | 1/√6 | 0.408 | −7.78 | 1/√6 | 0.408 | −7.78 | 1/√6 | 0.408 | −7.78 | 1/√6 | 0.408 | −7.78 | 1/√6 | 0.408 | −7.78 |
| HFL | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| HFC | 1/2 | 0.500 | −6.02 | 1/2 | 0.500 | −6.02 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| HFR | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| HBL | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| HBR | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 |
To 7.x
| Input Channels | L | R | C | SL | SR | BL | BR | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exact | Decimal | dB | Exact | Decimal | dB | Exact | Decimal | dB | Exact | Decimal | dB | Exact | Decimal | dB | Exact | Decimal | dB | Exact | Decimal | dB | |
| FL | 1 | 1.000 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| FR | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1 | 1.000 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| C | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1 | 1.000 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| SL | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1 | 1.000 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| SR | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1 | 1.000 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| BL | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1 | 1.000 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| BR | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1 | 1.000 | 0.00 |
| Top | 1/√7 | 0.378 | −8.45 | 1/√7 | 0.378 | −8.45 | 1/√7 | 0.378 | −8.45 | 1/√7 | 0.378 | −8.45 | 1/√7 | 0.378 | −8.45 | 1/√7 | 0.378 | −8.45 | 1/√7 | 0.378 | −8.45 |
| HFL | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| HFC | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| HFR | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| HBL | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ |
| HBR | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 0 | 0.000 | −∞ | 1/√2 | 0.707 | −3.01 |
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